<em>background:</em> Predicting the evolutionary potential of natural tree populations requires the estimation of heritability and genetic correlations among traits on which selection acts, as di erences in evolutionary success between species may rely on di erences for these genetic parameters. In situ estimates are expected to be more accurate than measures done under controlled conditions which do not re ect the natural environmental variance. <em>aims:</em> The aim of the current study was to estimate three genetic parameters (i.e. heritability, evolvability and genetic correlations) in a natural mixed oak stand composed of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur about 100 years old, for 58 traits of ecological and functional relevance (growth, reproduction, phenology, physiology, resilience, structure, morphology and defence). <em>methods:</em> First we estimated genetic parameters directly in situ using realized genomic relatedness of adult trees and parentage relationships over two generations to estimate the traits additive variance. Secondly, we bene ted from existing ex situ experiments (progeny tests and conservation collection) installed with the same populations, thus allowing comparisons of in situ heritability estimates with more traditional methods. <em>results:</em> Heritability and evolvability estimates obtained with di erent methods varied substantially and showed large con dence intervals, however we found that in situ were less precise than ex situ estimates, and assessments over two generations (with deeper relatedness) improved estimates of heritability while large sampling sizes are needed for accurate estimations. At the biological level, heritability values varied moderately across di erent ecological and functional categories of traits, and genetic correlations among traits were conserved over the two species. <em>conclusion:</em> We identi ed limits for using realized genomic relatedness in natural stands to estimate the genetic variance, given the overall low variance of genetic relatedness and the rather low sampling sizes of currently used long term genetic plots in forestry. These limits can be overcome if larger sample sizes are considered, or if the approach is extended over the next generation.Read less <