AIMS: Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy is standard care for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), but the recommended monthly injection regimen is burdensome. Evidence suggests low injection/monitoring frequencies in clinical practice and suboptimal vision outcomes. This observational cohort study uses administrative claims data from the French national healthcare system to assess anti-VEGF treatment patterns and nAMD-specific healthcare resource demands and costs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: nAMD patients ≥50 years initiating intravitreal ranibizumab, aflibercept or bevacizumab treatment (2014‒2015), and propensity score-matched non-nAMD patients (controls), were identified from the Echantillon Généraliste de Bénéficiaires database. Outcomes of interest included anti-VEGF treatment patterns, and healthcare resource utilization and associated costs of patients vis-à-vis controls over 24 months. RESULTS: Study patients (n = 355) received (mean) 5.2 and 2.4 anti-VEGF injections over 0‒12 and 12‒24 months, respectively. Most patients (79.0%) remained on their initial anti-VEGF agent; among treatment switchers the most common transition was from ranibizumab to aflibercept. During follow-up, nAMD patients were more likely than controls to require ophthalmology visits (99.7% vs 44.8%), ocular procedures (optical coherence tomography/angiography/fundoscopy) (96.9% vs 27.2%), cataract surgery (13.0% vs 6.7%), and medical transports (38.0% vs 31.9%). Mean numbers of ophthalmology visits (25.1 vs 1.2) and medical transports (6.0 vs 3.5) were higher (p<.01) among nAMD patients. Total reimbursed costs were two-fold higher for nAMD patients than controls (mean €16,799 vs €8255) due to higher treatment costs (€6847 vs €1156), medical fees (€1858 vs €295), hospital fees (€6396 vs €5235), and transport costs (€358 vs €259). Excess total healthcare cost was (mean) €5279 and €7918 over the first 12 and 24 months of treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Current intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment and monitoring requirements place considerable economic burden on the French healthcare system. New intravitreal therapies with extended dosing intervals and predictable efficacy might reduce demand on ophthalmology services.< Réduire