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ALMA-IMF. XIV. Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters

dc.contributor.authorGALVÁN-MADRID, Roberto
dc.contributor.authorDÍAZ-GONZÁLEZ, Daniel
hal.structure.identifierInstitut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble [IPAG]
dc.contributor.authorMOTTE, Frédérique
hal.structure.identifierDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida, PO Box 112055, USA
dc.contributor.authorGINSBURG, Adam
dc.contributor.authorCUNNINGHAM, Nichol
hal.structure.identifierMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie [MPIFR]
dc.contributor.authorMENTEN, Karl
hal.structure.identifierLaboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris [LPENS]
dc.contributor.authorARMANTE, Mélanie
hal.structure.identifierDepartments of Astronomy and Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
dc.contributor.authorBONFAND, Mélisse
hal.structure.identifierLaboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] [LAB]
dc.contributor.authorBRAINE, Jonathan
hal.structure.identifierLaboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] [LAB]
dc.contributor.authorCSENGERI, Timea
hal.structure.identifierLaboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris [LPENS]
dc.contributor.authorDELL’OVA, Pierre
hal.structure.identifierInstitut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble [IPAG]
dc.contributor.authorLOUVET, Fabien
dc.contributor.authorNONY, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorRIVERA-SOTO, Rudy
dc.contributor.authorSANHUEZA, Patricio
dc.contributor.authorSTUTZ, Amelia
hal.structure.identifierMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie [MPIFR]
dc.contributor.authorWYROWSKI, Friedrich
dc.contributor.authorÁLVAREZ-GUTIÉRREZ, Rodrigo
hal.structure.identifierS. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
dc.contributor.authorBAUG, Tapas
hal.structure.identifierLaboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] [LAB]
dc.contributor.authorBONTEMPS, Sylvain
hal.structure.identifierDepartamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Las Condes, 7591245 Santiago, Chile
dc.contributor.authorBRONFMAN, Leonardo
dc.contributor.authorFERNÁNDEZ-LÓPEZ, Manuel
hal.structure.identifierLaboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris [LPENS]
dc.contributor.authorGUSDORF, Antoine
dc.contributor.authorKOLEY, Atanu
dc.contributor.authorLIU, Hong-Li
dc.contributor.authorSALINAS, Javiera
dc.contributor.authorTOWNER, Allison
hal.structure.identifierSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
dc.contributor.authorWHITWORTH, Anthony
dc.date.issued2024-09-04
dc.description.abstractEnAbstract We use the H41 α recombination line to create templates of the millimeter free–free emission in the ALMA-IMF continuum maps, which allows us to separate it from dust emission. This method complements spectral-index information and extrapolation from centimeter-wavelength maps. We use the derived maps to estimate the properties of up to 34 H ii regions across the ALMA-IMF protoclusters. The hydrogen ionizing photon rate Q 0 and spectral types follow the evolutionary trend proposed by Motte et al. The youngest protoclusters lack detectable ionized gas, followed by protoclusters with increasing numbers of OB stars. The total Q 0 increases from ∼10 45 s −1 to >10 49 s −1 . We used the adjacent He41 α line to measure the relative number abundances of helium, finding values consistent with the Galactic interstellar medium, although a few outliers are discussed. A search for sites of maser amplification of the H41 α line returned negative results. We looked for possible correlations between the electron densities, emission measures, and Q 0 with H ii region size D . The latter is the best correlated, with Q 0 ∝ D 2.49 ± 0.18 . This favors interpretations in which smaller ultracompact H ii regions are not necessarily the less dynamically evolved versions of larger ones but rather are ionized by less massive stars. Moderate correlations were found between the dynamical width Δ V dyn with D and Q 0 . Δ V dyn increases from about 1 to 2 times the ionized-gas sound speed. Finally, an outlier H ii region south of W43-MM2 is discussed. We suggest that this source could harbor an embedded stellar or disk wind.
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherIOPscience
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
dc.title.enALMA-IMF. XIV. Free–Free Templates Derived from H41α and Ionized Gas Content in 15 Massive Protoclusters
dc.typeArticle de revue
dc.identifier.doi10.3847/1538-4365/ad61e6
dc.subject.halPlanète et Univers [physics]
bordeaux.journalThe Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
bordeaux.page15
bordeaux.volume274
bordeaux.issue1
bordeaux.peerReviewedoui
hal.identifierhal-04780165
hal.version1
hal.popularnon
hal.audienceInternationale
hal.origin.linkhttps://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr//hal-04780165v1
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