In French Guiana, native populations present high level of mercury contamination, which has been linked to the consumption ofcontaminated fishes. The goal of this study is to undertake a cartography of mercury contamination levels in fishes from the sixmain Guiana rivers. The selected species for this study is the ubiquitous piscivorous fish Hoplias aimara. A total number of 575fishes from 134 discrete fishing sites are regrouped into 51 river sectors. Results from this study permits to rank the six mainGuiana rivers by their mean level of contamination: Oyapock (0.548 mg kg−1), Comté (0.624 mg kg−1), Maroni (0.671 mg kg−1),Approuague (0.684 mg kg−1), Mana (0.675 mg kg−1), and Sinnamary (1.025 mg kg−1). The contamination is however notspatially homogenous along each river, and a map of the different levels of mercury contamination in fishes is provided. Sectorsof low mean Hg contamination are observed both upstream (0.471 mg kg−1) and downstream (0.424 mg kg−1), corresponding toareas without any influence of gold mining activities and areas under the influence of estuarine dilution, respectively. Anoxia andgold mining activities are found to be the two main factors responsible for the high mercury concentration in fish muscles. Whilemean levels of mercury contaminations are higher in anoxia areas (1.029 mg kg−1), contaminations induced by gold miningactivities (0.717 mg kg−1) present the most harmful consequences to human populations. No significant differences in Hgconcentrations are observed between 2005 and 2014 for neither a pristine nor a gold mining area, while Hg concentrationdifferences are observed between former (0.550 mg kg−1) and current gold mining sites (0.717 mg kg−1).< Réduire