The central region of the Milky Way is one of the foremost locations to look for dark matter (DM) signatures. We report the first results on a search for DM particle annihilation signals using new observations from an unprecedented <math display="inline"><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math>-ray survey of the Galactic Center (GC) region, i.e., the Inner Galaxy Survey, at very high energies (<math display="inline"><mo>≳</mo><mn>100</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>GeV</mi></math>) performed with the H.E.S.S. array of five ground-based Cherenkov telescopes. No significant <math display="inline"><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math>-ray excess is found in the search region of the 2014–2020 dataset and a profile likelihood ratio analysis is carried out to set exclusion limits on the annihilation cross section <math display="inline"><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><mi>σ</mi><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo></math>. Assuming Einasto and Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) DM density profiles at the GC, these constraints are the strongest obtained so far in the TeV DM mass range. For the Einasto profile, the constraints reach <math display="inline"><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><mi>σ</mi><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo></math> values of <math display="inline"><mrow><mn>3.7</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>26</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> for 1.5 TeV DM mass in the <math display="inline"><msup><mi>W</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>W</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> annihilation channel, and <math display="inline"><mrow><mn>1.2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>26</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> for 0.7 TeV DM mass in the <math display="inline"><msup><mi>τ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>τ</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> annihilation channel. With the H.E.S.S. Inner Galaxy Survey, ground-based <math display="inline"><mi>γ</mi></math>-ray observations thus probe <math display="inline"><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><mi>σ</mi><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo></math> values expected from thermal-relic annihilating TeV DM particles.< Réduire