BACKGROUND: No data about ARV treatment coverage and virological response are available among key populations (female sex workers [FSW] and MSM) in Togo. This study aimed to both describe HIV immuno-virological status and evaluate the pertinence of an original algorithm combining pharmacology (PK) and viral load (VL) to identify subjects at risk of ARV drug resistance. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicentric study was conducted in 2017 in Togo. Our PK-virological algorithm (PK-VA) defines subjects at risk of resistance when exhibiting both detectable plasma drug concentrations and VL>200 c/mL. RESULTS: Among the 123 FSW and 136 MSM included, 50% and 66% were receiving ARV, with 69% and 80% of them successfully-treated, respectively. Genotypes showed drug-resistance mutation (DRM) in 58% and 63% of non-virologically controlled (VL >200 c/mL) ARV-treated FSW and MSM, respectively. PK-VA would have enabled to save 75% and 72% of genotypic tests, for FSW and MSM, respectively. CONCLUSION: We reported first data about HIV care cascade among key populations in Togo, highlighting they are tested for HIV but linkage to care remains a concern. Furthermore, 70-80% of ARV-treated participants experienced virological success. In limited resources settings, where genotyping tests are beyond reach, PK-VA might be an easiest solution to sort out patients needing ARV adaptation due to resistance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.< Réduire