Importance: The number of patients affected by retinal diseases treated with intravitreal injections (IVTs) has resulted in a rapidly growing number of procedures. One of the worst complications after these injections is endophthalmitis. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of acute endophthalmitis after IVTs of corticosteroids or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based cohort study included patients undergoing IVTs from January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2015, in France. Data were acquired from the French medical-administrative database (Systeme National d'Information Inter-Regime de l'Assurance Maladie), which collects hospitalization discharge abstracts and out-of-hospital care information for the whole country. Data were analyzed from March through July 2017. Exposures: Intravitreal injections of corticosteroid or anti-VEGF agents. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence of acute endophthalmitis within 6 weeks after IVT by means of billing codes from a national database. Results: During the study period, 1811977 IVTs of corticosteroids or anti-VEGF agents performed on 254927 patients (60.4% female; median age, 79 years [interquartile range, 70-85 years]) were analyzed. A total of 444 acute endophthalmitis cases (crude incidence, 0.0245%) were recorded. In multivariable analysis, which did not include adjustment for when the endophthalmitis occurred during the study period, the risk of endophthalmitis was lower in male patients (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63-0.96; P = .02), higher for corticosteroids than for anti-VEGF agents (IRR, 3.21; 95% CI, 2.33-4.44; P < .001), and higher for nonprefilled syringes of anti-VEGF medications than prefilled syringes for ranibizumab (IRR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.15-2.30) and aflibercept (IRR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.25-2.66; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: The findings from this study of a nationwide database appear to have confirmed the low incidence rate of acute endophthalmitis after IVTs of corticosteroids or anti-VEGF agents. Although an association may not necessarily indicate a cause and effect, the risk for acute endophthalmitis after IVTs appeared to be higher for corticosteroids compared with anti-VEGF agents, while a lower risk of endophthalmitis appeared to be found with prefilled syringes of anti-VEGF medications.< Réduire