Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) co-infected patients are commonly at risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) when initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART). Evidence indicates that innate immunity plays a role in TB-IRIS. Here, we evaluate the phenotype of Gamma-delta (gammadelta) T cells and invariant Natural Killer (iNK) T cells in tuberculosis-associated IRIS. Methods: Forty-eight HIV+/TB+ patients (21 IRIS) and three control groups: HIV-/TB- (HD, n = 11), HIV+/TB- (n = 26), and HIV-/TB+ (n = 22) were studied. Samples were taken at ART initiation (week 2 of anti-tuberculosis treatment) and at the diagnosis of IRIS for HIV+/TB+; before ART for HIV+/TB-, and at week 2 of anti-tuberculosis treatment for HIV-/TB+ patients. gammadelta T cells and Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Before ART, IRIS, and non-IRIS patients showed a similar proportion of gammadelta(pos) T and iNKT cells. HLA-DR on gammadelta(pos) T cells and delta2(pos)gammadelta(pos) T cells was significantly higher in TB-IRIS vs. non-IRIS patients and controls (p < 0.0001). NKG2D expression on gammadelta(pos) T cells and the delta2(pos)gammadelta(pos) T cell subset was lower in HIV+/TB+ patients than controls. CD158a expression on gammadelta(pos) T cells was higher in TB-IRIS than non-IRIS (p = 0.02), HIV+/TB-, and HIV-/TB- patients. Conclusion: The higher activation of gammadelta(pos)T cells and the gammadelta2(pos)gammadelta(pos) T cell subset suggests that gammadelta T cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of TB-IRIS.< Réduire