The site of Roquemissou (Montrozier, Aveyron, France), on the south-western edge of the Massif Central, in a middle mountainous region, provides one of the most important regional stratigraphy of recent prehistory. Between 11,500 and 2,100 cal BCE, i.e. for more than 9 millennia, human occupations were repeated several times. Within this powerful sequence, several occupations can be linked to the Second Mesolithic and Early Neolithic. Until then, the earliest reliable evidence for the presence of Neolithic groups in the region dates from the early centuries of the 5th millennium BCE. The discovery of four obsidian artefacts from the late Second Mesolithic, dated to around 6000-5800 BCE, i.e. a millennium earlier, represents a major discovery in our understanding of the Neolithisation process in southern France. All these pieces of obsidian come from Monte Arci (Sardinia) and could only have been acquired by these Mesolithic groups through exchanges and contacts with the first groups of Neolithic settlers arriving at the same time on the shores of Languedoc, about 150 km further south. This discovery thus testifies to extremely early contacts between the two groups, strictly contemporary with the very first Neolithic settlements, or even slightly earlier, in a possible process of exploration very far inland. In these same levels, the discovery of several scattered human remains, potentially from the same individual, and bearing anthropogenic cut marks and green bone fractures, raises questions about the identity of the deceased. Palaeogenetic analyses, which have so far been unsuccessful, will perhaps reveal whether this was a member of the Mesolithic community of indigenous hunter-gatherers or a potential Neolithic explorer! These exceptional discoveries illustrate a more complex and, above all, extremely dynamic process of Neolithisation.< Réduire