In the course of a systematic screen of plant transcriptomic data, the sequence of a novel viroid-like RNA was identified in four contigs in a recent Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly (TSA) from lychee in China. Portions of this sequence are closely related to the central conserved region (CCR) and terminal conserved region (TCR) present in members of the genus Apscaviroid, sequences that are important criteria for viroid classification. RT-PCR with two divergent adjacent primers amplified the full 304 nucleotide sequence of this viroid-like RNA which can be folded into the rod-like secondary structure that is a typical feature of viroids in the family Pospiviroidae. Northern-blot hybridization following denaturing PAGE and sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sPAGE) revealed the presence of both circular and linear forms of the viroid-like RNA in lychee leaf tissue. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this RNA groups with known members of the genus Apscaviroid with a maximum pairwise sequence identity of <62%. Field surveys revealed the presence of this viroid-like RNA in most lychee samples collected in China; however, it was not found in the accessions in a germplasm collection of lychees that originated from a wide range of other countries. None of the four herbaceous hosts and one woody host tested were susceptible to infection with the lychee viroid-like RNA via agroinoculation and RNA inoculation. The provisional name lychee viroid-like RNA (LVd-like RNA) is proposed for this tentative new species in the genus Apscaviroid.< Réduire