In situ microfluidic investigations of APIs crystallization dynamics in srCO2 : from thermodynamic equilibrium to growth kinetics

Abstract

In the intricate landscape of pharmaceutical manufacturing, crystallization stands as a fundamental unit operation, constituting approximately 90% of the isolation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) [1]. Supercritical fluids, notably CO2, are gaining prominence as environmentally sustainable alternatives due to their unique properties. Furthermore, in an era of miniaturization, microfluidic technology enhances heat and mass transfer, reduces preparation volumes and waste, improves reproducibility, and, crucially, provides optical accessibility for in situ analyses such as optical microscopy, UV, IR, and Raman spectroscopy...