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Manganese levels in infant formula and young child nutritional beverages in the United States and France: Comparison to breast milk and regulations

dc.contributor.authorFRISBIE, Seth
dc.contributor.authorMITCHELL, Erika
hal.structure.identifierCentre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan [CENBG]
dc.contributor.authorROUDEAU, Stéphane
hal.structure.identifierCentre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan [CENBG]
dc.contributor.authorDOMART, Florelle
hal.structure.identifierCentre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan [CENBG]
dc.contributor.authorCARMONA, Asunción
hal.structure.identifierCentre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan [CENBG]
dc.contributor.authorORTEGA, Richard
dc.date.issued2019-11-05
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.description.abstractEnExposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) in children has recently been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental effects. Current infant formula regulations for Mn content were set between 1981 (United States), 2006 (European Union, France), and 2007 (Codex Alimentarius) prior to the publication of much of the growing body of research on the developmental neurotoxicity of Mn. In this study, we sought to measure the concentrations of Mn in some infant formulas and young child nutritional beverages available on the United States (US) and French markets using ion beam analysis by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry and then compare the analytical results to concentrations reported in the literature for breast milk and applicable infant formula regulations and guidelines. We were particularly interested in measuring Mn concentrations in product types for which there is very little data from previous surveys, especially soy-based, rice-based, goat-milk based, chocolate-flavored, and nutritional beverages for young children that are not regulated as infant or follow-on formulas (e.g. "toddler formulas" and "toddler powders"). We purchased 44 infant formulas and young child nutritional beverage products in the US and France with varying protein sources (cow-milk, goat-milk, soy, rice) labelled for birth to 3 years. We selected these samples using maximum variation sampling to explore market extremes to facilitate comparisons to regulatory limits. Since this sampling method is non-probabilistic, other inferences cannot be made beyond this set of samples to the overall markets. We used ion beam analysis to measure the concentrations of Mn in each product. The range of measured Mn concentrations in the products is 160-2,800 μg/L, substantially higher than the 3-6 μg/L mean Mn concentration reported in human breast milk. All products satisfied national and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) international standards for minimum Mn content in infant formulas; however, 7/25 of the products purchased in the US exceeded the CAC Guidance Upper Level of 100 μg Mn/kcal for infant formula.
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherPublic Library of Science
dc.title.enManganese levels in infant formula and young child nutritional beverages in the United States and France: Comparison to breast milk and regulations
dc.typeArticle de revue
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0223636
dc.subject.halChimie/Chimie analytique
bordeaux.journalPLoS ONE
bordeaux.pagee0223636
bordeaux.volume14
bordeaux.issue11
bordeaux.peerReviewedoui
hal.identifierhal-02351030
hal.version1
hal.popularnon
hal.audienceInternationale
hal.origin.linkhttps://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr//hal-02351030v1
bordeaux.COinSctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.jtitle=PLoS%20ONE&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=e0223636&rft.epage=e0223636&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.au=FRISBIE,%20Seth&MITCHELL,%20Erika&ROUDEAU,%20St%C3%A9phane&DOMART,%20Florelle&CARMONA,%20Asunci%C3%B3n&rft.genre=article


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