Worldwide viticulture is confronted to global change and should face to new phytosanitary issues. Some ones are present in the vineyard for centuries but are skyrocketing, another ones are more recent. The former category is represented by Esca, while the latter include Flavescence dorée (FD). Esca was described as a grapevine disease since the Antiquity, while FD began to cause damages less than one century. Despite their differences, these two diseases have common features and represent the more threatening sanitary problem for European viticulture. One of the common characteristic between ESCA and FD is the use of pesticide, but for antagonist reasons. Esca problems result to the withdrawal of the use of a fungicide while this is the occurrence of FD that implies the use of insecticides. In the first case, growers deplore the lack of pesticide while in the second case, some growers and people complain against the use of insecticides. Both diseases lead to uprooting, offset by new plants, which lead to an high heterogeneity grape level in the plots, with consequences on wine quality. So, contrary to downy and powdery mildew, ESCA and FD occurrence have a long-time effect on vineyard. As they represent a threat for the economic viability of the entire sector, ESCA and FD have been identified as a priority by winegrowers, scientists and decision-makers. Thus, European wine industry leaders are urging the European Union and national governments to provide funding to step up research to find a cure or a preventive treatment.< Leer menos